Should a child's standardized test math question have them though? Is the goal to determine the child's proficiency in math, or their ability to infer the "right" things into a question?
NEITHER answer meets all three rules unless you decide that one rule is more important than the other.
You have 2 constraints, both of which must be followed:
buy at least one of each balloon type
Don't spend more than $10
You have 2 goals:
Buy as many balloons as you can.
Come as close to $10 as you can, without going over.
Any answer that doesn't fall within the constraints is clearly wrong. These two answers meet all the constraints, but each sets a precedence on which of the two goals is more important.
If the primary goal was to buy the most balloons, answer 1 gives you 6 balloons (compared to 5).
If the primary goal was to come as close to $10 without going over, answer 2 gives you $9.73 (compared to $9.24).
As I said below, without changing the 3 rules at all, let me impose an order on them
The most important goal is that he will spend as close to $10 as he can without going over.
He will buy at least one of each size of balloon
He will buy as many balloons as he can
I've changed none of the rules, but I have specified what the most important goal is. Does this change your answer?
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